Britain Leads the Way

1. What were the conditions in Britain that prepared the way for the Industrial Revolution?
- Britain prepared the Industrial Revolution, because it had plenty of skilled mechanics, population explosion boosted demand for goods. Money was also necessary to start a business.


2. What was the steam locomotive?
-The steam locomotive, was an invention that made the growth of railroads possible. They developed a steam-powered locomotive, to pull carriages along iron rails. This invention made the shipping goods to be swiftly and cheaply.

3. Explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities.
-Urbanization was caused, because the changes in farming, soaring population, and ever-increasing demand for workers.

4. Compare the the industrial working class and the new middle class.
-The middle class, were people whom benefited more. They were able to have a richer life and women did not have to work, instead they used their energy to raise their children. Industrial Working class, were hard working and were more of the middle class whom lived in pleasant neighborhoods and vast numbers whom struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums.

5. What were the benefits and challenges of the industrialization?
-The benefits out of the industrialization, were that labor unions won the right to bargain with employets for better wages, hours, and working conditions. Then working-class men gain the right to vote, which gave them political power. 
Some challenges faced were low pay, dismissal living conditions. As a demand for mass-produced goods grew, new factories opened which gave new jobs. Wages rose.
6. Describe what utilitarianism was
-Utilitarianism  was an idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizen.

7. Summarize the theories of socialism.
-The theories behind it was that they condemned the evils of industrial capitalism, which they believed had created a gulf between rich and poor. To end poverty and injustice they came up with socialism. 

8. Explain Mar’s view of the working class and the response to Marxism.
-Marx said that the "haves" were the bourgeoisie. The "have-nots" were the proletariat (working class)

The Age of Napoleon

1. How did Napoleon rise to power so quickly in France?
-Napoleon rose to power so quickly, because he was a victorious general, whom brought many victories, leading him to a political leader.


2. Why do you think Napoleon was able to gain absolute power in France?
-Napoleon was able to gain absolute power, because he had held a plebiscite.

3. Why do you think Napoleon was so popular?
-Napoleon was popular, because of the polices he offered to the citizens. Not only did he get his peoples vote but also was supported by class lines.

4. What reforms did Napoleon introduce during his rise to power?
-Napoleon introduced many reforms like:

• Restore economic prosperity, controlled price, encouraged new industry, and built new roads.
• System of public schools 
• Made peace with the Catholic Church

5. How did Napoleon use “forceful diplomacy” to gain power?
-Napoleon used forceful diplomacy by using annexed to his empire parts of Italy and Germany. Abolished the tottering Holy Roman Empire and created a 38-member Confederation of the Rhine under French protection.
6. How did geography both help and hurt Britain during the war with France?
-Napoleons Continental System failed to bring Britain to its knees. The war the French prepared was fought off the southwest coast of Spain, British Admiral smashed the French fleet.
 An invasion ruled out and struck at Britain's lifeblood, its commerce.

7. How did nationalism both help and harm Napoleon?
-Nationalism helped Napoleon as armies as foreign oppressors. They resented the Continental System and imposed French culture on them. It harmed, because there were many revolts against France. German states, leaders encouraged national loyalty among German-speaking people to counter French influence.

8. How did Napoleon come to dominate most of Europe by 1812?
-By 1812 Napoleon dominate because he had many reforms that helped him be on that power, Continental system also helped as well as his military tactics which allowed him to dominate over land far more quickly.

9. What challenges threatened Napoleon’s empire and what led to the disaster in Russia?
- Challenges Napoleon faced was the burned down of French crops and villages as the Russians passed by.Scorched-earth policy left the French hungry and cold as winter came. He didn't had enough supplies for his army causing him to have a disadvantage. He quickly went to Paris and made an army again.

10. Who was a part of the Quadruple Alliance, and what was its purpose?
-The Quadruple Alliance was Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia, and their purpose was to act together to maintain the balance of power and to suppress revolutionary uprisings, especially in France.

11. Do you think restoring the monarchy in France will help create a lasting peace in Europe? Why or why not?
-I don't think restoring monarchy will benefit France, because the ruling of one person can cause distress, and many other fights in politics over or not the decision made would be good to France.

12. How did Napoleon impact Europe and the rest of the world?
-Napoleon's impact over Europe was definitely huge since many of his reforms helped many citizens. Today some of them can still be in use as others can be change to more modern reforms so it could be beneficial for France. Not only that but it spread ideas of revolution over France.

Explain the chief goal and outcome of the Congress of  Vienna.
-The purpose of the meeting in the Congress of Vienna was to restore stability and order in Europe after years of war. The decision makers was to create a lasting peace by establishing balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy.They wanted France as one equal partner.

On the Eve of Revolution

1. What is the Third Estate?
- The Third Estate, is diverse of social class. The top were called Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) which included Prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalist and professors. The Third estate consisted of rural peasants.

2. According to the quote by Sieyès, why was the Third Estate ready to revolt?
-The quote of Sieyes was because about 95 percent of France wanted to fight for equality.

3. What was the social structure of the old regime in France?
-The social structure of the ancient regime, was that it was divided into three social groups. 

• The First Estate, was made of the clergy, 
• Second Estate, was made up of nobility
• Third Estate comprised the vast majority of the population

4. What economic troubles did France face in 1789, and how did they lead to  further unrest?
-Economic troubles France faced in 1789 was that half of the government's income from taxes went to paying interest on enormous debt. Also bad harvest caused food prices soaring and brought hunger. To solve this problem government increased taxes, and reduce expenses.

5. Explain why the storming of the Bastille is significant.
-The storming of the Bastille is significant, because it was a symbol to the people of France representing years of abuse by the monarchy. It was also a wake-up call to the king. It sheer existence to the regime. 

6. How did the views of society differ between the nobles and the peasants in 1789 France?
-The views of society differ between nobles and peasants because a vast of them were unemployed and the others weren't, they got payed but not as well as other social class members. Also they lost a vast amount of money due to taxation, making many go broke.
7. Which group made up the vast majority of French society in the 1780s?
-The group with vast majority of France was the Third Estate.

8. Why were French kings hesitant to call on the Estates General?
- They didn't call on Estates General, because they feared that nobles would use it to recover the feudal powers they had lost under absolute rule.

9. What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?
-The Tennis Court Oath took place there because delegates moved to a nearby tennis court. There they swore to never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.

Birth of the American Republic Chapter 5 Section 3

1. The nation’s first constitution was known as the…
-Articles of Confederation


2.Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution? (Three countries)?
-The tree supporting countries were: France, Netherlands, and Spain.


3. What led to Britain’s rise to global prominence in the mid-1700?

• -It let to global promincence in the mid-1700 was generally on the winning side in European conflicts. The end of the war brought Britain all of French Canada. British monopolized the slave trade and brought enormous wealth to British  merchants. 
• England expanded closer to home as well. 

4. In what ways were the colonies already developing independence from Britain?
-Colonist entitled to the rights of English citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised much control over local affairs. Many also had an increasing sense of their own destiny.


5. Who was George Washington at the time the colonists rebelled against Britain?
-Before he rebelled against Britain, he lived in Virginia and was a planter and a soldier.


6. Summarize how the colonists declared their independence.
-They imposed extreme taxation. and passed down the Stamp Act which imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets. In other words "No taxation, without representation." They also protested in many situations.. 


7. What Enlightenment ideas are reflected in the Declaration of Independence?
-The ideas were, Life, Liberty, and property.


8. Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.
-The influence of the Constitution and Bill of Right is that the, constitution became the supreme law of the land, it became the nations fundamental law. Some rights were freedom of religion, speech, and the press.


9. What reasons might a Loyalist have for opposing the American Revolution?
- Loyalist opposed the American Revolution, because of lack military resources, had little money to pay soldiers and did not have a strategic plan.


10. Explain what is the significance of the 10th Amendment in the U.S. Bill of Rights.
-The significance to it, is that if a power does not belong to the national government, it automatically belongs either to the states or to the people. 


11. Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
- The main author in the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.


12. Where did the British war effort finally collapse?
-The British effort collpased after the Treaty of Paris.

The Age of Absolutism: Section 5 Absolute Monarchy in Russia

1. What rewards and punishments did Peter use to solidify his control over the nobles?
-Rewards Petter used to solidify the nobles were, laws ensuring control over their lands, including serfs and those lands.
Their punishment was being tortured and executed.


2. What impact did Peter’s defeat of Sweden have on Russia’s expansion?
-Peter's impact was humiliating. His army lost to Sweden's' army of 8,000 men when they were greatly outnumbered. He Rebuilt his army and defeated them in 1709 gaining control of the Baltic Sea.

3. How were Catherine’s goals similar to those of Peter?
-Both of their ideas, were the same, because they both embraced Western ideas and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life. Encouraged French languages and customs, wrote histories and plays, and organized performances.

4. Compare the vision that Peter and Catherine had for Russia’s future. What was different?
-Both vision for Russia, was to expand its borders, gained war with the Ottoman Empire to gain warm-water port on the Black sea. Also, they both ruled under absolute monarch. 
Their differences were that Peter the Great wasn't as harsh to peasants.

The Age of Absolutism Section 3 & 4

1. Why did Henry VIII work with Parliament?
- Henry VIII worked with the Parliament ,because he broke with the Catholic Church, he turned to the Parliament to legalize his actions. This made the Monarch head of the Church in England. Another reason was because of the need for money.


2. What was the Petition of Right?
-The Petition of Right, prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament's consent or from jailing anyone without legal justification.


3.What was the result of the English Civil War?
-The result of the English Civil War was Cromwell's army defeating the Cavaliers. In 1649 the King was executed by his own people, sending a message that, in England no ruler can claim absolute monarch.


4.Who are the Puritans?
-Puritans "purify" the church of Catholic practices. They wanted a simpler services and a more democratic church without bishops.


5. What was the Commonwealth?
-The Commonwealth declared England a republic, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell


6. What was the Glorious Revolution?
-The Purpose of the Glorious Revolution to overthrow the king.


7. What three political institutions contributed to the evolution of Britain’s constitutional government?
-Three new political institutions arose in Britain, they were political parties, the cabinet and the office of prime minister.


8. How did British society remain divided?
-British society preferred an oligarchy government in which ruling power belongs to a few people.


9. What were some effects of the Peace of Westphalia? (section 4)
-Some effects were, that so many powers had been involved in the conflict, the treaties aspired both to ring about a general European peace and to settle other international problems.


10. What caused the War of the Austrian succession?
-The cause of the Austrian succession was because shortly after Charles's death, Frederick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia.


11. What were the two main rivalries after 1750?
-Two main rivalries were Prussia battled Austria for control of the German States, while Britain and France competed to develop their overseas empire.

The Age of Absolutism

1. Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg Empire?
-Charles V divided Hapsburg empire because, it was too hard for one king to handle. He gave up his tittle as king.


2.What was the Siglo de Oro?
-Siglo de Oro (Golden Age) started from 1550-1650 century, where arts and literature became popular.


3.How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and help establish a golden age?
-Philip II extended Spain's power by fighting in many wars to advance Spanish Catholic power. He reigned as am absolute monarch and asserted that he ruled by divine right. 
-He helped establish the golden age, because he was very enthusiastic of the arts and also founded sciences and mathematics.


4.Why did Spanish power and prosperity decline?
-Thorughout the 1600 century, Spanish strength and prosperity decreased, due to the defeat of the armada. Philip's succesors ruled far less than he had, and economy problems were also part of the problem.


5.What values of chivalry motivate Don Quixote’s attack on the windmills?
-Don Quixote is considered one of the first European novel. It mocks traditions of Spain's past.


6.What rights did the Edict of Nantes extend to Huguenots?
-Giving the Hughenots religious toleration and other freedoms.


7.What was the purpose of Louis XIV’s extravagant palace and daily rituals?
-He wanted his palace to be one of the biggest palace's in Europe.
-Leading nobles to Versailles (Louis palace) turned them into courtiers angling for prileges rather than rival warriors battling for power.


8.Explain whether or not you think if Louis XIV’s reign was good for France
-I do believe his reign was good for France because, he made France one of the strongest states in Europe. Although, I don't like, how he wanted the divine right system to continue and after he made some decissions that affected France in a very strong way. 

The Beginning of Our Global Age: Europe and the Amercias

The Tanios, with open hands were very generous towards the Spanish. However Colombus had no interested in their hospitality and assaulted Taino men and women. Colombus wanted the Tainos land, and seized some Taino people to take to his Spanish king. He tortured anyone who refused to pay him with gold. Colombus encounter was repeated by Spanish "conquistadors," whom seized the Native Americans' gold. 

Francisco Pizarro was interested in Peru's Inca empire, which had even more riches than the Aztecs. He arrived in 1532 just when a civil war was over. Pizarro wanted Atahualpa to become a Spanish vassal and convert to Christianity. They killed Atahualpa. His superior weapons the Inca were weakened by European disease. In little time Spain had a much larger empire spread to South America.

Spain had many claimed empires, stretching from California to South America. In order to keep a strict empire he  put a viceroys in each province. Spain wanted all their empires to be part of the Christianity so the Church worked with the royal official and helped to regulate the activities of Spain settlers. As Spain expanded, so did Church authority. They built missions. To fill the labor shortage, they brought workers from Africa. They worked on Farming, mining, and metalworking.

Unit 1 Chapter 3

1. How did the Portuguese control the spice trade?
-The Portuguese had military and trading outposts on the southern seas. They seized cities on to the east coast of Africa. 


2.Why was Spain able to conquer the Philippines easily?
-They were able to conquer them easily, because the Philippines was yet, not a union. They were very divided with many tribes whom were at war with one another, which made them easily to dominate.


3.How did Britain gain control of India?
-The British came to India to look for spices, gold and silver, but when they saw the Indians fighting among themselves they eventually took control over India.


4.Why did the leaders of the Netherlands give so much power to the Dutch East India Company?
-Dutch merchants traded in every continent and captured the major share of the world's carrying trade.


5.Why was the location of the Philippines an asset for Spain?
-Spain only focused in one purpose only, and it was to acquire a share in the spice trade.

Turbulent Centuries in Africa

1. Why did the Portuguese and other Europeans want slaves?
-Portuguese wanted slave to perform labor on their plantations, as for the Europeans they just wanted them as household servants.

2. Identify two effects the slave trade had on African states.
-Two effects caused by slave trade are:

• More and more women and men were taken, that resulted in some small states to disappear.
• Other people depended on the slave trade, so the rulers of the new states allowed slave trade to continue, and decreasing agriculture area.

3.In your own words, how did Portugal build a trading empire in South and Southeast Asia? (trading = comercio, trueque)
-Portugal began to trade, because they had a succesful journey which led to more trading activity on sea. Soon the Dutch had made Netherlands as one of their leaders in commerce (exchange of goods.)  This led to Dutch power set up by colonies and other trading post around the world.

4.In your own words, how did the Dutch come to dominate trade in Southeast Asia? 
-The Dutch gained their power by using different strategies leading them to a more secure foothold in their region. Then a group of merchants came together building the "Dutch East India Company" which led it to be one of the most powerful company. This company had what is called "Sovereign" powers meaning they have their own power, their own way of doing things.

5. In your own words, why did the Chinese demand that the Portuguese traders pay for Chinese silks and porcelain with gold or silver?
-The Chinese wanted the Portuguese to pay with gold and silver, because they didn't have much to exchange with them. Any European textile or metalwork were inferior to Chinese silks and porcelains.

6. Write one or two paragraphs explaining your opinion on any of the material covered in these pages.
- Slavery is something very common on those centuries, they felt like not everyone had the same benefits as white or other races did. I strongly disagree, because a wise man once said "All man are created equal." Where was the equality and same benefits on those centuries? Did it seem humane to use people as servants, and treat them like a piece of trash? No one belongs to anyone, and when strong leaders fought they should have won, because they were trying to show them how bad they lack on ethics and values.

The Scientific Revolution

How were the scientists of the Scientific Revolution influenced by Renaissance ideas?
-They allowed new, fresh ideas come, despite what classical thinkers believed. They tried to reason why everything worked the way it did.

What is heliocentric?
-Belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Why was Copernicus’s theory seen as radical?
There wasn't any way to explain his theory except for what was logical or not. Even if he had the moon as proof he did not quiet solved the whole mystery of how the whole process works.


How did Bacon and Descartes each approach the new scientific method?
-They rejected Aristotle's scientific assumptions. They also challenged the scholarly traditions of the medieval universities that sought to make the physical world fit in with the teachings of the Church. Argued that the truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry but at the end, after a long process of investigation.


How did newton use observations of nature to explain the movement of the planets?
-He saw an apple fall from a tree, he then wondered whether the force that pulled the apple to Earth might not also control the movements of the planets. Then he perfected his theory, showing that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun. This is called Gravity.

The Renaissance

The Renaissance, began in Italy around 1300-1600. It begun because of several reasons, such as the following:

• Architecture around Rome
• Invention of the Printing-Press
• Deathly diseases
• Reformation 

The way of painting changed in this era giving the paintings a more realistic form, a better way to look at how things should have been. The discovery was called "perspective." Many famous painters used this new discovery such as : Leonardo Da Vinci, and Michelangelo. Another invention was engravings, by Albrech Durer.

The invention of the printing press allowed, to publish books, newspaper faster. The first book was the Bible. The creator of the printing press was Johann Gutenberg. He made the process of writing books faster, since the printing press made it all possible. 

Deadly diseases spread through Europe. Mainly caused by rats. This disease was called bubonic Plague which killed a very large percentage of the population, mainly the northern population. 

Reformation caused criticism towards the church. It was mostly criticized by its political power, luxuries, indulgences fees and much more. Martin Luther made the 95 theses and spread it through Germany. 

From World History Class I expect to gain enough knowledge to know different history from other places and learn about their past that made that country be how they are in present day. I find History class very interesting because is giving you the knowledge to see how past generation faught for freedom, to gain power, the changes in their goverment, etc.