On the Eve of Revolution

1. What is the Third Estate?
- The Third Estate, is diverse of social class. The top were called Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) which included Prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalist and professors. The Third estate consisted of rural peasants.

2. According to the quote by Sieyès, why was the Third Estate ready to revolt?
-The quote of Sieyes was because about 95 percent of France wanted to fight for equality.

3. What was the social structure of the old regime in France?
-The social structure of the ancient regime, was that it was divided into three social groups. 

• The First Estate, was made of the clergy, 
• Second Estate, was made up of nobility
• Third Estate comprised the vast majority of the population

4. What economic troubles did France face in 1789, and how did they lead to  further unrest?
-Economic troubles France faced in 1789 was that half of the government's income from taxes went to paying interest on enormous debt. Also bad harvest caused food prices soaring and brought hunger. To solve this problem government increased taxes, and reduce expenses.

5. Explain why the storming of the Bastille is significant.
-The storming of the Bastille is significant, because it was a symbol to the people of France representing years of abuse by the monarchy. It was also a wake-up call to the king. It sheer existence to the regime. 

6. How did the views of society differ between the nobles and the peasants in 1789 France?
-The views of society differ between nobles and peasants because a vast of them were unemployed and the others weren't, they got payed but not as well as other social class members. Also they lost a vast amount of money due to taxation, making many go broke.
7. Which group made up the vast majority of French society in the 1780s?
-The group with vast majority of France was the Third Estate.

8. Why were French kings hesitant to call on the Estates General?
- They didn't call on Estates General, because they feared that nobles would use it to recover the feudal powers they had lost under absolute rule.

9. What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?
-The Tennis Court Oath took place there because delegates moved to a nearby tennis court. There they swore to never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.

Birth of the American Republic Chapter 5 Section 3

1. The nation’s first constitution was known as the…
-Articles of Confederation


2.Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution? (Three countries)?
-The tree supporting countries were: France, Netherlands, and Spain.


3. What led to Britain’s rise to global prominence in the mid-1700?

• -It let to global promincence in the mid-1700 was generally on the winning side in European conflicts. The end of the war brought Britain all of French Canada. British monopolized the slave trade and brought enormous wealth to British  merchants. 
• England expanded closer to home as well. 

4. In what ways were the colonies already developing independence from Britain?
-Colonist entitled to the rights of English citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised much control over local affairs. Many also had an increasing sense of their own destiny.


5. Who was George Washington at the time the colonists rebelled against Britain?
-Before he rebelled against Britain, he lived in Virginia and was a planter and a soldier.


6. Summarize how the colonists declared their independence.
-They imposed extreme taxation. and passed down the Stamp Act which imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets. In other words "No taxation, without representation." They also protested in many situations.. 


7. What Enlightenment ideas are reflected in the Declaration of Independence?
-The ideas were, Life, Liberty, and property.


8. Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.
-The influence of the Constitution and Bill of Right is that the, constitution became the supreme law of the land, it became the nations fundamental law. Some rights were freedom of religion, speech, and the press.


9. What reasons might a Loyalist have for opposing the American Revolution?
- Loyalist opposed the American Revolution, because of lack military resources, had little money to pay soldiers and did not have a strategic plan.


10. Explain what is the significance of the 10th Amendment in the U.S. Bill of Rights.
-The significance to it, is that if a power does not belong to the national government, it automatically belongs either to the states or to the people. 


11. Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
- The main author in the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.


12. Where did the British war effort finally collapse?
-The British effort collpased after the Treaty of Paris.

The Age of Absolutism: Section 5 Absolute Monarchy in Russia

1. What rewards and punishments did Peter use to solidify his control over the nobles?
-Rewards Petter used to solidify the nobles were, laws ensuring control over their lands, including serfs and those lands.
Their punishment was being tortured and executed.


2. What impact did Peter’s defeat of Sweden have on Russia’s expansion?
-Peter's impact was humiliating. His army lost to Sweden's' army of 8,000 men when they were greatly outnumbered. He Rebuilt his army and defeated them in 1709 gaining control of the Baltic Sea.

3. How were Catherine’s goals similar to those of Peter?
-Both of their ideas, were the same, because they both embraced Western ideas and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life. Encouraged French languages and customs, wrote histories and plays, and organized performances.

4. Compare the vision that Peter and Catherine had for Russia’s future. What was different?
-Both vision for Russia, was to expand its borders, gained war with the Ottoman Empire to gain warm-water port on the Black sea. Also, they both ruled under absolute monarch. 
Their differences were that Peter the Great wasn't as harsh to peasants.

The Age of Absolutism Section 3 & 4

1. Why did Henry VIII work with Parliament?
- Henry VIII worked with the Parliament ,because he broke with the Catholic Church, he turned to the Parliament to legalize his actions. This made the Monarch head of the Church in England. Another reason was because of the need for money.


2. What was the Petition of Right?
-The Petition of Right, prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament's consent or from jailing anyone without legal justification.


3.What was the result of the English Civil War?
-The result of the English Civil War was Cromwell's army defeating the Cavaliers. In 1649 the King was executed by his own people, sending a message that, in England no ruler can claim absolute monarch.


4.Who are the Puritans?
-Puritans "purify" the church of Catholic practices. They wanted a simpler services and a more democratic church without bishops.


5. What was the Commonwealth?
-The Commonwealth declared England a republic, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell


6. What was the Glorious Revolution?
-The Purpose of the Glorious Revolution to overthrow the king.


7. What three political institutions contributed to the evolution of Britain’s constitutional government?
-Three new political institutions arose in Britain, they were political parties, the cabinet and the office of prime minister.


8. How did British society remain divided?
-British society preferred an oligarchy government in which ruling power belongs to a few people.


9. What were some effects of the Peace of Westphalia? (section 4)
-Some effects were, that so many powers had been involved in the conflict, the treaties aspired both to ring about a general European peace and to settle other international problems.


10. What caused the War of the Austrian succession?
-The cause of the Austrian succession was because shortly after Charles's death, Frederick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia.


11. What were the two main rivalries after 1750?
-Two main rivalries were Prussia battled Austria for control of the German States, while Britain and France competed to develop their overseas empire.

The Age of Absolutism

1. Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg Empire?
-Charles V divided Hapsburg empire because, it was too hard for one king to handle. He gave up his tittle as king.


2.What was the Siglo de Oro?
-Siglo de Oro (Golden Age) started from 1550-1650 century, where arts and literature became popular.


3.How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and help establish a golden age?
-Philip II extended Spain's power by fighting in many wars to advance Spanish Catholic power. He reigned as am absolute monarch and asserted that he ruled by divine right. 
-He helped establish the golden age, because he was very enthusiastic of the arts and also founded sciences and mathematics.


4.Why did Spanish power and prosperity decline?
-Thorughout the 1600 century, Spanish strength and prosperity decreased, due to the defeat of the armada. Philip's succesors ruled far less than he had, and economy problems were also part of the problem.


5.What values of chivalry motivate Don Quixote’s attack on the windmills?
-Don Quixote is considered one of the first European novel. It mocks traditions of Spain's past.


6.What rights did the Edict of Nantes extend to Huguenots?
-Giving the Hughenots religious toleration and other freedoms.


7.What was the purpose of Louis XIV’s extravagant palace and daily rituals?
-He wanted his palace to be one of the biggest palace's in Europe.
-Leading nobles to Versailles (Louis palace) turned them into courtiers angling for prileges rather than rival warriors battling for power.


8.Explain whether or not you think if Louis XIV’s reign was good for France
-I do believe his reign was good for France because, he made France one of the strongest states in Europe. Although, I don't like, how he wanted the divine right system to continue and after he made some decissions that affected France in a very strong way. 

The Beginning of Our Global Age: Europe and the Amercias

The Tanios, with open hands were very generous towards the Spanish. However Colombus had no interested in their hospitality and assaulted Taino men and women. Colombus wanted the Tainos land, and seized some Taino people to take to his Spanish king. He tortured anyone who refused to pay him with gold. Colombus encounter was repeated by Spanish "conquistadors," whom seized the Native Americans' gold. 

Francisco Pizarro was interested in Peru's Inca empire, which had even more riches than the Aztecs. He arrived in 1532 just when a civil war was over. Pizarro wanted Atahualpa to become a Spanish vassal and convert to Christianity. They killed Atahualpa. His superior weapons the Inca were weakened by European disease. In little time Spain had a much larger empire spread to South America.

Spain had many claimed empires, stretching from California to South America. In order to keep a strict empire he  put a viceroys in each province. Spain wanted all their empires to be part of the Christianity so the Church worked with the royal official and helped to regulate the activities of Spain settlers. As Spain expanded, so did Church authority. They built missions. To fill the labor shortage, they brought workers from Africa. They worked on Farming, mining, and metalworking.

Unit 1 Chapter 3

1. How did the Portuguese control the spice trade?
-The Portuguese had military and trading outposts on the southern seas. They seized cities on to the east coast of Africa. 


2.Why was Spain able to conquer the Philippines easily?
-They were able to conquer them easily, because the Philippines was yet, not a union. They were very divided with many tribes whom were at war with one another, which made them easily to dominate.


3.How did Britain gain control of India?
-The British came to India to look for spices, gold and silver, but when they saw the Indians fighting among themselves they eventually took control over India.


4.Why did the leaders of the Netherlands give so much power to the Dutch East India Company?
-Dutch merchants traded in every continent and captured the major share of the world's carrying trade.


5.Why was the location of the Philippines an asset for Spain?
-Spain only focused in one purpose only, and it was to acquire a share in the spice trade.